The most successful group of living things on Earth.
Arthro= Joint; Podos= Foot
*Around One Million species are currently living.
*A large percentage may have not even been discovered yet.
*Thrive on both land and sea.
This group contains the following- Lobsters, Crayfish, Spiders, Mites, Scorpions and Insects
Characteristics Include-
*Metamerism or only external body segments.
*A exoskeleton consisting of chitin which supports and protects the organism and also prevents water loss. covers all surfaces of the body. Contains two layers, wax and chitin. They shed it during molting.
*Hemocoel provides internal cavity for the open circulatory system.
*Organs are bathed fluids which allows for exchange of nutrients, waste and gasses.
*Jointed and Pared appendages.
*They grow by molting (ecdysis).
*Reduced coelom surrounding reproductive organs and some excretory structures open circulatory system in which blood is released into spaces between tissues (hemocoel).
*Metamorphosis from immature stages to adult.
Evolution-
*Closely related to and resemble annelids (metamerism).
*Around 550 million years ago they evolved.
Taxonomy-
*Kingdom Animalia
*Phylum Arthropoda
Metamorphosis-
Physical changes from immature to adult.
Decreases competition between immature stages and adult.
*Different food, habitats, behaviors, etc.
Arthro= Joint; Podos= Foot
*Around One Million species are currently living.
*A large percentage may have not even been discovered yet.
*Thrive on both land and sea.
This group contains the following- Lobsters, Crayfish, Spiders, Mites, Scorpions and Insects
Characteristics Include-
*Metamerism or only external body segments.
*A exoskeleton consisting of chitin which supports and protects the organism and also prevents water loss. covers all surfaces of the body. Contains two layers, wax and chitin. They shed it during molting.
*Hemocoel provides internal cavity for the open circulatory system.
*Organs are bathed fluids which allows for exchange of nutrients, waste and gasses.
*Jointed and Pared appendages.
*They grow by molting (ecdysis).
*Reduced coelom surrounding reproductive organs and some excretory structures open circulatory system in which blood is released into spaces between tissues (hemocoel).
*Metamorphosis from immature stages to adult.
Evolution-
*Closely related to and resemble annelids (metamerism).
*Around 550 million years ago they evolved.
Taxonomy-
*Kingdom Animalia
*Phylum Arthropoda
Metamorphosis-
Physical changes from immature to adult.
Decreases competition between immature stages and adult.
*Different food, habitats, behaviors, etc.
Sub-phylum Trilobita (Trilobites)
Subphylum Hexopada (Insects)
Facts-
*A very successful phylum.
*Around 750,000 species have been found.
*75% of all living things are Insects.
Possibly 30 million individual species, most live in tropical rain forests.
*The last arthropod to appear.
*Small percentage of animals live on land so insects fill out the large amount of space
*Cuticles which is the waxy cover on the exoskeleton, which conserves water.
*They were the first animals to develop wings and flight
*They have a high reproductive potential.
Charactoristics-
Hexa- Six; Podos- Foot
*Body is divided into three parts.
*There are five head appendages.
*There are three pairs of legs attached to the thorax.
*Mouth parts are hidden inside for class Entognatha.
*Mouth parts are on the outside for Insecta.
*One pair of antennas.
*(One or Two) sets of wings most of the time.
*Most adults have three pairs of legs.
Reproduction-
*Have a high reproductive potential (can produce many young in a short period of time.)
*Offspring go through metamorphosis (complete and incomplete.)
*Incomplete Metamorphosis is young that look like adults but are smaller in size.
*Complete Metamorphosis is where the young go through changes to become adults.
Behavior-
*Majority of insects are very social, some live in hives or colonies.
*Depending on there cast when a insect lives in a social environment they may have different tasks. ter
Insect Order-
Order Coleoptera- (beetles)
Order Lepidoptera (Moths or Butterfly's)
Order Diptera (Flies)
Order Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)
Facts-
*A very successful phylum.
*Around 750,000 species have been found.
*75% of all living things are Insects.
Possibly 30 million individual species, most live in tropical rain forests.
*The last arthropod to appear.
*Small percentage of animals live on land so insects fill out the large amount of space
*Cuticles which is the waxy cover on the exoskeleton, which conserves water.
*They were the first animals to develop wings and flight
*They have a high reproductive potential.
Charactoristics-
Hexa- Six; Podos- Foot
*Body is divided into three parts.
*There are five head appendages.
*There are three pairs of legs attached to the thorax.
*Mouth parts are hidden inside for class Entognatha.
*Mouth parts are on the outside for Insecta.
*One pair of antennas.
*(One or Two) sets of wings most of the time.
*Most adults have three pairs of legs.
Reproduction-
*Have a high reproductive potential (can produce many young in a short period of time.)
*Offspring go through metamorphosis (complete and incomplete.)
*Incomplete Metamorphosis is young that look like adults but are smaller in size.
*Complete Metamorphosis is where the young go through changes to become adults.
Behavior-
*Majority of insects are very social, some live in hives or colonies.
*Depending on there cast when a insect lives in a social environment they may have different tasks. ter
Insect Order-
Order Coleoptera- (beetles)
Order Lepidoptera (Moths or Butterfly's)
Order Diptera (Flies)
Order Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)
Subphylum Chelicerata (Chelicerates)
*Chele= Claw
*Includes class Arachnida (spiders, Ticks, Scorpions) and Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Charactoristcs-
*Have two body regions, Cephalothorax (the prosoma) and Abdomen (the opisthosoma.)
*The Cephalothorax has no antenna, six pairs of appendages
*Appendages are the chelicerae (pincers for feeding), Pedipalps (sensory), and four pairs of walking legs.
*Chele= Claw
*Includes class Arachnida (spiders, Ticks, Scorpions) and Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Charactoristcs-
*Have two body regions, Cephalothorax (the prosoma) and Abdomen (the opisthosoma.)
*The Cephalothorax has no antenna, six pairs of appendages
*Appendages are the chelicerae (pincers for feeding), Pedipalps (sensory), and four pairs of walking legs.
1. Class Merostomate (Horse Shoe Crab)
*Four species of horseshoe cabs alive today.
*For 200 million years they have not changed.
Cephalothorax-
*Six pairs of appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps, and legs.)
*The last pair of legs were modified for swimming.
Amdomen-
*Has a telson or a long tail like structure used to help them flip over.
*Four species of horseshoe cabs alive today.
*For 200 million years they have not changed.
Cephalothorax-
*Six pairs of appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps, and legs.)
*The last pair of legs were modified for swimming.
Amdomen-
*Has a telson or a long tail like structure used to help them flip over.
2. Class Arachnida (Arachnids)
*Morse then 60,000 species
*Terrestrial species evolved around 400 million years ago.
Cephalothorax
*Chelicerae and pedipalps may be modified, but all have four pairs of walking legs.
Abdomen-
*Breathe using book lungs (folded gill-like lungs; only in arachnids) and tubes called tracheae.
*Morse then 60,000 species
*Terrestrial species evolved around 400 million years ago.
Cephalothorax
*Chelicerae and pedipalps may be modified, but all have four pairs of walking legs.
Abdomen-
*Breathe using book lungs (folded gill-like lungs; only in arachnids) and tubes called tracheae.
2 A. Order Araneae (Spiders)
*The Acari- ticks and mites (like chiggers)
*Mostly ectoparasites (are on the outside of the body), some are free living.
*Has the greatest effect on human health then any other Arachnid.
*Can cause skin inflammations, scabies, rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia.
*The Acari- ticks and mites (like chiggers)
*Mostly ectoparasites (are on the outside of the body), some are free living.
*Has the greatest effect on human health then any other Arachnid.
*Can cause skin inflammations, scabies, rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia.
2B. Order Scorpionido (Scorpions)
*Known to live in tropical and warm temperate climates.
Secretive and nocturnal (active at night) animals.
Cephalothorax-
*Pedipalps modified into large claws
Abdomen
*Includes a "tail" that is narrow and ends in a sharp stinger that contains
venom-producing glands in its bulb; strength of venom varies.
*Known to live in tropical and warm temperate climates.
Secretive and nocturnal (active at night) animals.
Cephalothorax-
*Pedipalps modified into large claws
Abdomen
*Includes a "tail" that is narrow and ends in a sharp stinger that contains
venom-producing glands in its bulb; strength of venom varies.
2C. Order Acarina (Ticks)
*Around 34,000 species of spiders
*Spiders are the largest group of arachnids
Cephalothorax
*Chelicerae modified into poison glands and fangs. Tiny track pedipalps. 6-8 eyes on back.
*Connected to abdomen by "waist" called a pedicel.
Abdomen
*swollen or elongate. Contains openings to reproductive tract, book lungs, and tracheae.
*cone shaped projections called spinnerets that are connected to the internal silk glands.
Spider Silk
*A strong and elastic protein that differs somewhat between species of spiders.
*Unspun silk in stored in glands as a gel.
*Fibers are produced when water is removed as the gel is forced through the spinnerets by muscles.
*Webs are used to capture prey and for mating.
*Web styles and vary among species.
*Around 34,000 species of spiders
*Spiders are the largest group of arachnids
Cephalothorax
*Chelicerae modified into poison glands and fangs. Tiny track pedipalps. 6-8 eyes on back.
*Connected to abdomen by "waist" called a pedicel.
Abdomen
*swollen or elongate. Contains openings to reproductive tract, book lungs, and tracheae.
*cone shaped projections called spinnerets that are connected to the internal silk glands.
Spider Silk
*A strong and elastic protein that differs somewhat between species of spiders.
*Unspun silk in stored in glands as a gel.
*Fibers are produced when water is removed as the gel is forced through the spinnerets by muscles.
*Webs are used to capture prey and for mating.
*Web styles and vary among species.
Sub-phylum Crustacea (Crustateans)
Crustaceus= hard shell
*Consist of Crayfish, Shrimp,Lobster and Crabs
*Almost all are aquatic.
*Have two pairs of antennae attached to their cephalothorax.
*Possess "biramous" appendages- meaning they are "Y" shaped.
*Five classes of crustaceans.
Crustaceus= hard shell
*Consist of Crayfish, Shrimp,Lobster and Crabs
*Almost all are aquatic.
*Have two pairs of antennae attached to their cephalothorax.
*Possess "biramous" appendages- meaning they are "Y" shaped.
*Five classes of crustaceans.
1. Class Malacostraca (Lobsters/ Crabs)
Malakos- Soft; Ostreion- Shell
Largest class of Crustaceans
*Includes crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, isopods and amphipods
*Most have been used as a food source by humans sense we have figured out how to fish.
External Anatomy
*Exoskeleton forms a shield like carapace
*Cephalothorax which is sensory structures and appendages.
*Abdomen which has more apppendages; muscular and used in locamotion; ends in fin-like telson (tail.)
*Paired appendages on both body region
Sensory antennae (first are short and second are longer.)
Mouthparts (one pair of mandibles for chewing/ grinding and two pairs maxillae for food handling.)
Maxillipeds are used for help with sensing and food handling.
Pereopods which are walking legs.
*First pair called the Chelipeds (large pincers for defense and capturing food.)
Pleopods or swimmerets for swimming.
Uropods on the telson (swimming)
*All except the first pair of antennae are biarmous ('Y" shaped)
Respiratory
*Breath using gills
*Between the carapace and the internal body wall.
Circulatory
*Open: have a hemocoel
*Some blood vessels to pump blood into the tail.
Nervous
*Similar to arachnids and annelids.
*Primative but higher crustaceans like lobsters have a more develop brain.
*Nervous radiate back to abdominal muscules (extensar and flexer) to contract them.
Sensory Structures
*Two pairs of attenae on head
*Compound eyes on movable stalks
*Chemoreceptors on mouth parts that sense changes in chemicals in water (pheromones, prey.)
Excretory
*Green glands (antennal glands)
*Filter blood and excrete ammonia into water
Reproductive
*Dioecious which separates male and female individuals
*Mating occurs after the females molt
*Young hatch as miniature adults
Malakos- Soft; Ostreion- Shell
Largest class of Crustaceans
*Includes crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, isopods and amphipods
*Most have been used as a food source by humans sense we have figured out how to fish.
External Anatomy
*Exoskeleton forms a shield like carapace
*Cephalothorax which is sensory structures and appendages.
*Abdomen which has more apppendages; muscular and used in locamotion; ends in fin-like telson (tail.)
*Paired appendages on both body region
Sensory antennae (first are short and second are longer.)
Mouthparts (one pair of mandibles for chewing/ grinding and two pairs maxillae for food handling.)
Maxillipeds are used for help with sensing and food handling.
Pereopods which are walking legs.
*First pair called the Chelipeds (large pincers for defense and capturing food.)
Pleopods or swimmerets for swimming.
Uropods on the telson (swimming)
*All except the first pair of antennae are biarmous ('Y" shaped)
Respiratory
*Breath using gills
*Between the carapace and the internal body wall.
Circulatory
*Open: have a hemocoel
*Some blood vessels to pump blood into the tail.
Nervous
*Similar to arachnids and annelids.
*Primative but higher crustaceans like lobsters have a more develop brain.
*Nervous radiate back to abdominal muscules (extensar and flexer) to contract them.
Sensory Structures
*Two pairs of attenae on head
*Compound eyes on movable stalks
*Chemoreceptors on mouth parts that sense changes in chemicals in water (pheromones, prey.)
Excretory
*Green glands (antennal glands)
*Filter blood and excrete ammonia into water
Reproductive
*Dioecious which separates male and female individuals
*Mating occurs after the females molt
*Young hatch as miniature adults
2. Class Branchiopoda (Fairy Shrimp)
Branchio- Gills; Podos- Feet
*Includes Fairy, Brine Shrimp, and Water Fleas
Characteristics
*Live in fresh water
*Small in size
*Flattened,leaf like appendages used for respiration, feeding, and locomotion.
Branchio- Gills; Podos- Feet
*Includes Fairy, Brine Shrimp, and Water Fleas
Characteristics
*Live in fresh water
*Small in size
*Flattened,leaf like appendages used for respiration, feeding, and locomotion.
Sub-phylum Myriopodia (Myriopods)
1. Class Chilopodia (Centipedes)
2. Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)